Monday, November 21, 2016

The Karachi


The Karachi


The Karachi is the largest and most populous city in Pakistan and 7th largest city in the world. Karachi is the capital of Sindh province. Ranked as a beta world city, the city is Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre. Karachi known as the "City of Lights".

Karachi is one of Pakistan's most secular and socially liberal cities. It is also the most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse city in Pakistan. With an estimated population of over 23.5 million people in its greater metropolitan region, Karachi is the second-largest city in the Muslim world, and is the world's 7th most populous urban agglomeration. Karachi is also considered to be one of the world's fastest growing cities. Covering area of approximately 3,527 km2 (1,362 sq mi), Karachi's expansive metro region has a population density estimated at more than 6,000 people per square kilometre (15,500 per square mile).





Established as a fortified settlement in 1729, Karachi remained a small town until British-sponsored infrastructure works in the 19th century resulted in rapid growth. At the end of the 19th century, Karachi had an estimated population of 105,000. By the dawn of Pakistan’s independence in 1947, the city had an estimated population of 400,000. The city’s population grew dramatically with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from the newly independent Republic of India. Rapid economic growth following independence attracted further migrants from throughout Pakistan and South Asia.
With an estimated population of 23.5 million, the city’s expansive metro region has a population density estimated at more than 6,000 people per square kilometre (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is now the second-largest city in the Muslim world, and is thought to be the world's 7th most populous urban agglomeration. The city is also one of the fastest growing cities, with an estimated 45,000 new migrants settle in the city every month. As a result of strong migration, the city's population is estimated to be increasing by 5% annum, largely as a result of migration from rural to urban areas.

Karachi has the largest number of Urdu speakers in Pakistan. According to the last official census of the city held in 1998, the linguistic distribution of the city was: Urdu: 48.52%; 

Karachi has an arid climate moderated by oceanic influence from the Arabian Sea. During the July–August monsoon season. While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves. The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February. It is dry and pleasant relative to the warm hot season, which starts in March and lasts until monsoons arrive in June. Proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at near-constant levels year-round.

Karachi is Pakistan's financial and commercial capital. Since Pakistan's independence, Karachi has been the centre of the nation's economy, and remain's Pakistan's largest urban economy.

With an estimated GDP of $78 billion as of 2008, Karachi contributes the bulk of Sindh's gross domestic product, and accounts for approximately 20% of the total GDP of Pakistan. The city has a large informal economy which is not typically reflected in GDP estimates. The informal economy may comprise up to 36% of Pakistan's total economy, versus 22% of India's economy, and 13% of the Chinese economy. The informal sector employs up to 70% of the city's workforce.

Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's I. I. Chundrigar Road, which is known as "Pakistan's Wall Street", with a large percentage of the cash-flow in the Pakistani economy taking place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign multinational corporations operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. Karachi is also home to the Pakistan Stock Exchange, which was rated as Asia's best performing stock market in 2015 on the heels of Pakistan's upgrade to emerging-market status by MSCI.

Industry contributes a large portion of Karachi's economy, with the city home to several of Pakistan's largest companies dealing in textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, and food products. The city is home to approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's manufacturing sector, and produces approximately 42 percent of Pakistan's value added in large scale manufacturing. At least 4500 industrial units form Karachi's formal industrial economy. Karachi's informal manufacturing sector employs far more people than the formal sector, though proxy data suggest that the capital employed and value added from such informal enterprises is far smaller than that of-formal sector enterprises.
Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, Korangi, Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi serve as large industrial estates in Karachi. The Karachi Expo Centre also complements Karachi's industrial economy by hosting regional and international exhibitions.

Name of estateLocationEstablishedArea in acres
SITE KarachiSITE Town19474700[94]
Korangi Industrial AreaKorangi Town19608500[95]
Landhi Industrial AreaLandhi Town194911000[96]
North Karachi Industrial AreaNew Karachi Town1974725[97]
Federal B Industrial AreaGulberg Town1987[98]
Korangi Creek Industrial ParkKorangi Creek Cantonment250[99]
Bin Qasim Industrial ZoneBin Qasim Town197025000[100]
Karachi Export Processing ZoneLandhi Town1980[101]315[102]
Pakistan Textile CityBin Qasim Town20041250[103]
West Wharf Industrial AreaKeamari Town430
SITE Super Highway Phase-ISuper Highway1983300[104]
SITE Super Highway Phase-IISuper Highway19921000[104]

As home to Pakistan's largest ports and a large portion of its manufacturing base, Karachi contributes a large share of Pakistan's collected tax revenue. As most of Pakistan's large multinational corporations are based in Karachi, income taxes are paid in the city even though income may be generated from other parts of the country. As home to the country's two largest ports, Pakistani customs officials collect the bulk of federal duty and tariffs at Karachi's ports, even if those imports are destined for one of Pakistan's other provinces. Approximately 25% of Pakistan's national revenue is generated in Karachi.
According to the Federal Board of Revenue's 2006–2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax. Karachi accounts for 75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports, and collects 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports.

Education in Karachi is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees.
Major universities Include:




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